The first CPU's, like the 8080, 8085, 8086 and 8088 had a packaging called DIP, Dual In Line Package. The Socket for this type of packaging is called DIL, Dual In Line. Compared to todays Sockets the DIL looks very basic. To insert the CPU it had to be placed on the Socket and then pressed into it. Much like, for example a graphics card in an AGP slot. There were only 40 pins, but quite some force was already needed to press the CPU into the socket.
When the 80286 came, the packaging was changed to the Pin Grid Array, PGA. This packaging type was also used for the 80386. The CPU still had to be placed on the socket and then pressed into it. With the 132 pins of the 386 this was a though and potentially dangerous job, 132 pins gave quite some resistance before slipping into the socket. Bending pins was not unusual even breaking pins off was possible!
In 1989 Intel introduced the 486, this CPU had even more pins than a 386 and it was clear the socket had to change. There had to be a way to install a CPU safely into a socket, no more bent or broken pins! The result of the search was the ZIF socket, Zero Insertion Force Socket. This Socket has three parts, the first part is soldered on the motherboard and has the connectors for the pins of the CPU. The second part moves over the first part, it will hold the CPU in its place and is connected to the third part, a lever. Place the CPU in the socket, then push the lever down. The second part will push the pins firmly against the contacts of the first part et voila! Almost without force the CPU can connect with the motherboard.
From the 486 on, all sockets had a name and what better way than to start with the number 1. The first Socket for the 486 was the SOCKET 1.
Socket 1 169 pins 486 SX/DX
Socket 2 238 pins 486 SX/DX/DX2
Socket 3 237 pins 486 SX/DX/DX2/DX4
Socket 6 235 pins 486 DX4
After the 486 came the Pentium. The first version which ran at speeds of 60 and 66MHz used the Socket 4. The ZIF construction was of course used, how else could a 273 pin CPU be installed?
Socket 4 273 pins Pentium 60 en 66MHz
Socket 5 320 pins Pentium 75 t/m 200MHz
Socket 7 321 pins Pentium, AMD K6/K6-2/K6-3, Cyrix M1/M2
Developments in the CPU business go fast and when Intel worked on their next generation CPU, a new socket was designed. The Pentium Pro was introduced in 1995 and used the Socket 8. This CPU was big, bigger than any CPU Intel had designed until then. The Pentium Pro had the core and secondary cache integrated into one package.
Socket 8 387 pins Pentium Pro 150 - 200MHz
After the Pentium came the Pentium II, the CPU that would be the king of performance. In order to have the best performance of all CPU at that time large amounts of cache was needed. Intel had planned to include the secondary cache into the CPU core, but production techniques at the time were not advanced enough to do this reliably and cost effective. Another solution had to be found and Intel came up with this idea : Put the CPU package on a small PCB together with some cache chips and use the PCB to interface with the motherboard! Slot 1 was born, best described as a ridge with a total of 242 contact points where the Pentium II package had to be pushed into. No Zero insertion force with a Slot interface!. The Server market was not forgotten by Intel and the Xeon, a server CPU, used Slot 2.
Slot 1 242 pins PII, PIII en Celeron
Slot 2 330 pins PII Xeon en P III Xeon
Production techniques developed further and by the time Intel was ready to introduce their next generation Pentium III it was possible to include the secondary cache onto the core.
The Slot 1-2 solution was not necessary anymore and the Socket was reinstated.
Socket 370 370 pins PIII, Celeron, Cyrix III
Socket 423/478 423/478 pins Pentium4
Socket 603 603 pins Pentium4 Xeon
But what about AMD? They have their own line of CPU′s, what sort of sockets did they use? AMD used the Socket 7 for a long time, the K6, K6-2 and K6-3 all used it. But with the CPU after the K6 family, the K7 also known as the Athlon (Classic), AMD introduced their own Slot interface. AMD ran into the same problems as Intel with the secondary cache and used the same solution, put the CPU and the secondary cach on a PCB. The Athlon used Slot A which was a reversed Slot 1 with 242 contact points.
Slot A 242 pins Athlon
After some time AMD′s production facilities were able to include the secondary cache onto the core and AMD switched back to the Socket. After all it is cheaper to manufacture a CPU than a CPU and some cache on a PCB. AMD used Socket A with 453 pins for their socket Athlons.
Socket A 453 pins Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP and Duron
Next generation CPU′s from AMD and Intel like the Opteron and Itanium will use new sockets with more pins for increased speed and performance. It looks like the socket will be used for some time to come but developments won′t stop and who knows, maybe we will see a return of the Slot!
Socket 754 754 pins AMD Athlon 64
Socket 940 940 pins AMD Opteron
PAC418 418 pins Intel Itanium
PAC611 611 pins Intel Itanium 2
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(CPU的)插座(Socket) 由LEO翻译 Translate by LEO
计算机中最重要的部件应该算是CPU了,在如蛛网般的信息高速公路从这个计算机到另一个,CPU担负了所有的指令的执行工作.真实的CPU是一个非常小的硅片(即我们平常提到的核心)嵌入在一个较大的封装里.有非常细的导线连接着核心与封装上的针脚,这些针脚通过插座(Socket)与主板连接.
最早的CPU,如8080, 8085, 8086 和 8088,它们用的封装叫DIP,即双列直插式封装,与之相对应的插座叫做DIL,与现在的插座形式相比,DIL看起来十分简单,要插入CPU的话,只需将CPU放到插座上面,然后压进去就行了,与之相似的有,如显卡插进AGP槽中,虽然只有40个针脚,但仍需用点力才能将CPU插入插座中.
等到80286出世,封装形式变为PGA形式,这种封装形式沿用在80386中,仍然需将CPU放置在插座上,然后将其压进去,由于386有132个针脚,这是个有潜在危险危险的工作.在CPU滑进插座之前,132个针脚造成了相当的阻力,针脚被弄弯并不是罕见的事,甚至有针脚被碰掉的事发生!
在1989年,intel开始推广486,这种CPU有比386更多的针脚,很明显插座也要改变,这就要求要有一种安全的将CPU插进插座的,而不会弄弯或者损坏针脚的方式,ZIF(零插入力插座)应运而生,ZIF由三部分组成,第一个部分焊接在主板上,由连接器与CPU的针脚相连接,第二个部分是可在第一部分上移动的,它将CPU保持在固定的位置,第二个部分与第三个部分相连接,第三个部分即杠杆,将CPU放入插座中,然后将杠杆压下,第二个部分就会推动CPU针脚与第一部分相接触,两者的作用将针脚牢牢的固定住.几乎不需要什么力量就能将CPU和主板相连接.
从486开始,所有的插座都有各自的名称,让我们从最早的开始:
第一个CPU插座应该是486的Socket 1.
Socket 1 169 pins 486 SX/DX
Socket 2 238 pins 486 SX/DX/DX2
Socket 3 237 pins 486 SX/DX/DX2/DX4
Socket 6 235 pins 486 DX4
486以后奔腾问世,第一个版本频率运行在60或66MHz的使用Socket 4插座,当然使用了ZIF形式,要不然273针的CPU怎么装上去?
Socket 4 273 pins Pentium 60 en 66MHz
Socket 5 320 pins Pentium 75 t/m 200MHz
Socket 7 321 pins Pentium, AMD K6/K6-2/K6-3, Cyrix M1/M2
CPU的业务在快速的发展着,当Intel在开发他们的下一代CPU时,一种新的插座形式又被设计出来,高能奔腾在1995年被公布,它使用的是Socket 8.
高能奔腾的体积很大,比Intel在当时历史上所设计的任何一款CPU都要大,高能奔腾将核心和二级缓存集成在一个封装之内,
Socket 8 387 pins Pentium Pro 150 - 200MHz
在奔腾以后奔腾II出现,它将会成为性能的王者,在当时为了达到最好的性能,CPU需要大容量的缓存,Intel原准备将二级缓存集成在核心内,但由于当时的生产技术所限,可靠性和性价比都达不到要求.于是有了另外一种解决方案,就是将CPU的封装放在一片带有一些缓存芯片的PCB上,这片PCB就作为与主板连接的界面,于是Slot1诞生了,可以描述为一个带有242个触点的脊状物,奔腾II可插入其中,Slot插座不是ZIF形式的,Intel没有忘记服务器市场,对应的产品为Xeon,服务器用CPU,使用Slot2插座.
Slot 1 242 pins PII, PIII en Celeron
Slot 2 330 pins PII Xeon en P III Xeon
随着时间的推移,生产技术也在不断进步,Intel已准备好推出他们的下一代产品---奔腾III,奔腾III已将二级缓存集成在核心内,而Slot系列的插座已经没有继续使用的必要,Socket卷土重来.
Socket 370 370 pins PIII, Celeron, Cyrix III
Socket 423/478 423/478 pins Pentium4
Socket 603 603 pins Pentium4 Xeon
这时AMD又怎么样了呢?他们有自己的产品线,他们又会使用哪种Socket类型呢?AMD使用了很长一段时间的Socket 7,K6, K6-2 和 K6-3均使用Socket 7,但是在K6系列后,K7(以Athlon而闻名),使用了AMD专有的Slot插座,AMD在二级缓存的问题上遇到了与Intel同样的难关,所以也采用了Slot的插座.Athlon使用Slot A插座,正好是翻转的Slot 1,同样具有242个触点.
Slot A 242 pins Athlon
又过了一段时间,AMD的生产设备能够生产集成了缓存的核心了,AMD又重新转回Socket,毕竟Socket比制造Slot便宜,AMD使用Socket A(453针),用在Athlon上.
Socket A 453 pins Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP and Duron
下一代由AMD或是Intel制造的CPU,如Opteron 和 Itanium,将会采用有更多针脚的新型Socket结构,看来Socket将会继续使用一段时间,但是开发者将不会停止他们的研究,谁知道呢,也许我们还会看到Slot的回归!
Socket 754 754 pins AMD Athlon 64
Socket 940 940 pins AMD Opteron
PAC418 418 pins Intel Itanium
PAC611 611 pins Intel Itanium 2
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我在翻译时只用了金山词霸,金山快译翻出来的基本上不具备可读性.
欢迎大家介绍优秀的国外网站上的文章,一起来做翻译!
欢迎大家Debug!以下是引用LEO在2004-2-25 22:03:05的发言：
大家认为这段文章有无翻译价值? 还是国内已经有了的,不要P我哦,没有的话我就慢慢翻译下.
http://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/jbayko/cpu.html#tableofcontents
连老外都来了,哈哈以下是引用Simmayor在2004-2-29 3:44:46的发言：
@ LEO
What translation software do you recommend? I do not know of any!
@ All
Thank you for your welcome!
Simmayor
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