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标题: [翻译]伟大的微处理器,过去与现在 (V 13.3.0) [打印本页]

作者: LEO 时间: 2004-2-26 01:51 标题: [翻译]伟大的微处理器,过去与现在 (V 13.3.0)

原文(英文)请见:
http://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/jbayko/cpu.html#tableofcontents
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http://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/jbayko/cpu.html#tableofcontents

Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present (V 13.3.0)
last major update: May 2003
last minor update: December 2003
More CPU info (Including WWW sites of some companies mentioned here) can be found at The CPU Info

Center:
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/

More detailed documentation of microprocessor instructions sets can be found at Microprocessor

instruction set cards:
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards.html

A very detailed (and much more accurate) chronology of microcomputer history can be found at

Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers:
http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/

A list of architects, and some architecture descriptions which are more detailed (and probably

accurate) than those found here is available at Mark Smotherman's list of Recent Computer Architects:
http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/architects.html.
More computer innovators can be found at The History Of Modern Computers And Their Inventors:
http://inventors.about.com/education/inventors/library/blcoindex.htm

An online dictionary of computing terms you might find on this page can be found at the Free On-line

Dictionary of Computing:
http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/
Or one of it's many mirror sites

Feel free to send me comments at:
john.bayko@sasktel.net

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Introduction: What's a "Great CPU"?
This list is not intended to be an exhaustive compilation of microprocessors, but rather a

description of designs that are either unique (such as the RCA 1802, Acorn ARM, or INMOS Transputer),

or representative designs typical of the period (such as the 6502 or 8080, 68000, and R2000). Not

necessarily the first of their kind, or the best.
A microprocessor generally means a CPU on a single silicon chip, but exceptions have been made (and

are documented) when the CPU includes particularly interesting design ideas, and is generally the

result of the microprocessor design philosophy. However, towards the more modern designs, design from

other fields overlap, and this criterion becomes rather fuzzy. In addition, parts that used to be

separate (FPU, MMU) are now usually considered part of the CPU design.

Another note on terminology - because of the muddling of the term "RISC" by marketroids, I've avoided

using those terms here to refer to architectures. And anyway, there are in fact four architecture

families, not two. So I use "memory-data" and "load-store" to refer to CISC and RISC architectures.

This file is not intended as a reference work, though all attempts (well, many attempts) have been

made to ensure its accuracy. It includes material from text books, magazine articles and papers,

authoritative descriptions and half remembered folklore from obscure sources (and net.people who I'd

like to thank for their many helpful comments). As such, it has no bibliography or list of

references.

In other words, "For entertainment use only".

Enjoy, criticize, distribute and quote from this list freely.

By: John Bayko (Tau).
Internet: john.bayko@sk.sympatico.ca

An explanation of the version numbers:

##.##.##
|  |  |
|  |  +-- small, usually 2 sentences or less.
|  +--- changes a paragraph or more, or several descriptions
+---- CPU added or deleted.

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Table of Contents
Section One: Before the Great Dark Cloud.
Part I: The Intel 4004, the first (Nov 1971) . .
Part II: TMS 1000, First microcontroller (1974) .
Part III: The Intel 8080 (April 1974) . . .
Part IV: The Zilog Z-80 - End of an 8-bit line (July 1976) . . . .
Part V: The 650x, Another Direction (1975) . . .
Part VI: The 6809, extending the 680x (1977) . . . . . . . .
Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time . .
Part VIII: Intel 8051, Descendant of the 8048. . . .
Part IX: Microchip Technology PIC 16x/17x, call it RISC (1975) . . .
Part X: Atmel AVR - RISC ridiculously small (June 1997) .
Section Two: Forgotten/Innovative Designs before the Great Dark Cloud
Part I: RCA 1802, weirdness at its best (1974) .
Part II: Fairchild F8, Register windows .
Part III: SC/MP, early advanced multiprocessing (April 1976) . . . .
Part IV: F100-L, a self expanding design .
Part V: The Western Digital 3-chip CPU (June 1976) .
Part VI: Intersil 6100, old design in a new package . . .
Part VII: NOVA, another popular adaptation . . . .
Part VIII: Signetics 2650, enhanced accumulator based (1978?) .
Part IX: Signetics 8x300, Early cambrian DSP ancestor (1978) . .
Part X: Hitachi 6301 - Small and microcoded (1983) .
Part XI: Motorola MC14500B ICU, one bit at a time .
Section Three: The Great Dark Cloud Falls: IBM's Choice.
Part I: DEC PDP-11, benchmark for the first 16/32 bit generation. (1970) . . . .
Part II: TMS 9900, first of the 16 bits (June 1976) . .
Part III: Zilog Z-8000, another direct competitor . . . .
Part IV: Motorola 68000, a refined 16/32 bit CPU (September 1979) . . . . . . . . .
Part V: National Semiconductor 32032, similar but different . . . .
Part VI: MIL-STD-1750 - Military artificial intelligence (February 1979) .
Part VII: Intel 8086, IBM's choice (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section Four: Unix and RISC, a New Hope
Part I: TRON, between the ages (1987) . .
Part II: SPARC, an extreme windowed RISC (1987) . .
Part III: AMD 29000, a flexible register set (1987) . .
Part IV:Siemens 80C166, Embedded load-store with register windows. . .
Part V: MIPS R2000, the other approach. (June 1986) . . . . . . . . . . .
Part VI: Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC, a conservative RISC (Oct 1986) . . . . . .
Part VII: Motorola 88000, Late but elegant (mid 1988) . . . .
Part VIII: Fairchild/Intergraph Clipper, An also-ran (1986) . .
Part IX: Acorn ARM, RISC for the masses (1986) . . . .
Part X: TMS320C30, a popular DSP architecture (1988) . . . .
Part XI: Motorola DSP96002, an elegant DSP architecture . . . . . . . . . .
Part XII: Hitachi SuperH series, Embedded, small, economical (1992) . . . . . . .
Part XIII: Motorola MCore, RISC brother to ColdFire (Early 1998) .
Part XIV: TI MSP430 series, PDP-11 rediscovered (late 1998?) .
Section Five: Born Beyond Scalar
Part I: Intel 960, Intel quietly gets it right (1987 or 1988?) . . . .
Part II: Apollo PRISM - Superworkstation (1988) . .
Part III: Intel 860, "Cray on a Chip" (late 1988?) . . .
Part IV: IBM RS/6000 POWER chips (1990) . . . .
Part V: DEC Alpha, Designed for the future (1992) . . .
Section Six: Beyond RISC - Search for a New Paradigm
Part I: Philips Trimedia - A Media processor (1996) .
Part II: TMS320C6x: Variable length instruction groups (late 1997) . . . .
Part III: Intel/HP IA-64 - Height of speculation (late 1999) . . . .
Part IV: Sun MAJC - Levels of parallelism (late 1999) .
Part V: Transmeta Crusoe - Leaving hardware (January 2000) .
Part VI: Eleven Engineering XInC - Real-time multithreading (August 2002) . .
Section Seven: Weird and Innovative Chips
Part I: Intel 432, Extraordinary complexity (1980) . .
Part II: Rekursiv, an object oriented processor .
Part III: MISC M17: Casting Forth in Silicon[1] (pre 1988?) . .
Part IV: AT&T CRISP/Hobbit, CISC amongst the RISC (1987) . . . .
Part V: T-9000, parallel computing (1994) . . . . . .
Part VI: Patriot Scientific ShBoom: from Forth to Java (April 1996) . .
Part VII: Sun picoJava - not another language-specific processor! (October 1997) . .
Part VIII: Imsys Cjip - embedded WISC (Writable Instruction Set Computer) (Mid 2000) .
Appendices
Appendix A: RISC and CISC Definitions
IBM System 360/370/390: The Mainframe(1964) . . . .
VAX: The Penultimate CISC (1978) .
RISC Roots: CDC 6600 (1965) . .
RISC Formalised: IBM 801 . . .
RISC Refined: Berkeley RISC, Stanford MIPS . .
Appendix B: Virtual Machine Architectures
Forth: Stack oriented period .
UCSD p-System: Portable Pascal . . . .
Java: Once was Oak . . . .
Appendix C: CPU Features
Appendix D: Graphics matrix operations
Appendix E: Announcements from IEEE Computer
Appendix F: Memory Types
Original table of contents provided by Steve Simmons (scs@lokkur.dexter.mi.us)
Split into multiple files by Mena Ryan.

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LEO 翻译    Translate by LEO
================================================

伟大的微处理器,过去与现在 (V 13.3.0)

最近较大的更新: 2003年5月
最近较小的更新: 2003年12月

更多关于CPU的信息,包括一些超链,以及在本文中提到的公司,可见这里:
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/

更多文档的细节,微处理器的指令,可见:
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards.html

一个更详细的,更准确的微处理器历史的年表,可见:
http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/

一个体系结构的名录,和一些体系的更详细,更准确的描述可见Mark Smotherman的最近的计算机体系列表,可见:
http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/architects.html.

更多的计算机改革者的名字可见"现代计算机的历史",以及一些发明者.
http://inventors.about.com/education/inventors/library/blcoindex.htm

一个在线的计算机术语字典,可见:
http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/ 以及其它镜站.

我的电邮:john.bayko@sasktel.net

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前言: 什么是"伟大的CPU"?

这份列表并不是想编撰一个详尽的微处理器列表,而宁愿是一个有关独特的(如RCA 1802, Acorn ARM, 或 INMOS

Transputer),或者在某段时期有代表性的(如6502 或 8080, 68000, 和 R2000),而并不需要是这类型号中的第一个,

或是最好的一个.

一个微处理器通常是指CPU或一片硅片,但也有例外的(有文档可以证明),当CPU含有特殊而有趣的设计理念,这通常是

微处理器设计理念所导致的结果,无论如何,越了解更多现代的设计,由于各个领域的交叠,这种评判标准变得越来越

模糊,另外,一些曾独立于CPU之外的部件(FPU, MMU),现在都视为CPU设计的一部分.

另一个关于术语学的补充,由于"RISC"这个术语被marketroids使用的混乱状况,我将会在提及体系结构时避免使用这

些术语,总之,现在一共有四个体系家族,而不是两个.所以,我使用"记忆-数据","载入-存取",来描述CISC和RISC这两

个体系.这个文件并不试图成为一个参考资料,虽然,对此一直在努力做到(哦,是有过许多的努力)尽量准确.这包括了

从书上的,杂志上的文章,论文上得来的材料,权威的描述和来自非正式渠道的,偶然想起的民间的传说.(以及网友们

的有用的注解,谢谢他们).同样的,那是没有参考书目和证明的.

换句话说,"娱乐为主".

请欣赏,批评,自由的分发,以及引用这篇文章.

By: John Bayko (Tau).
Internet: john.bayko@sk.sympatico.ca

一个关于版本编号的解释.

##.##.##
|  |  |
|  |  +-- 小的, 通常是两句或更少的.
|  +--- 换了一段或更长的,或一些描述.
+---- 增加或删除的CPU.

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有关内容的列表

第一部分:在大乌云来临之前.

Part I: The Intel 4004, the first (Nov 1971) . .
Part II: TMS 1000, First microcontroller (1974) .
Part III: The Intel 8080 (April 1974) . . .
Part IV: The Zilog Z-80 - End of an 8-bit line (July 1976) . . . .
Part V: The 650x, Another Direction (1975) . . .
Part VI: The 6809, extending the 680x (1977) . . . . . . . .
Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time . .
Part VIII: Intel 8051, Descendant of the 8048. . . .
Part IX: Microchip Technology PIC 16x/17x, call it RISC (1975) . . .
Part X: Atmel AVR - RISC ridiculously small (June 1997) .

第二部分: 在大乌云来临之前的被忘记的有革新性的设计
Part I: RCA 1802, weirdness at its best (1974) .
Part II: Fairchild F8, Register windows .
Part III: SC/MP, early advanced multiprocessing (April 1976) . . . .
Part IV: F100-L, a self expanding design .
Part V: The Western Digital 3-chip CPU (June 1976) .
Part VI: Intersil 6100, old design in a new package . . .
Part VII: NOVA, another popular adaptation . . . .
Part VIII: Signetics 2650, enhanced accumulator based (1978?) .
Part IX: Signetics 8x300, Early cambrian DSP ancestor (1978) . .
Part X: Hitachi 6301 - Small and microcoded (1983) .
Part XI: Motorola MC14500B ICU, one bit at a time .

第三部分: 大乌云来临了: IBM 的抉择.
Part I: DEC PDP-11, benchmark for the first 16/32 bit generation. (1970) . . . .
Part II: TMS 9900, first of the 16 bits (June 1976) . .
Part III: Zilog Z-8000, another direct competitor . . . .
Part IV: Motorola 68000, a refined 16/32 bit CPU (September 1979) . . . . . . . . .
Part V: National Semiconductor 32032, similar but different . . . .
Part VI: MIL-STD-1750 - Military artificial intelligence (February 1979) .
Part VII: Intel 8086, IBM's choice (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

第四部分: Unix 和 RISC, 一个新希望
Part I: TRON, between the ages (1987) . .
Part II: SPARC, an extreme windowed RISC (1987) . .
Part III: AMD 29000, a flexible register set (1987) . .
Part IV:Siemens 80C166, Embedded load-store with register windows. . .
Part V: MIPS R2000, the other approach. (June 1986) . . . . . . . . . . .
Part VI: Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC, a conservative RISC (Oct 1986) . . . . . .
Part VII: Motorola 88000, Late but elegant (mid 1988) . . . .
Part VIII: Fairchild/Intergraph Clipper, An also-ran (1986) . .
Part IX: Acorn ARM, RISC for the masses (1986) . . . .
Part X: TMS320C30, a popular DSP architecture (1988) . . . .
Part XI: Motorola DSP96002, an elegant DSP architecture . . . . . . . . . .
Part XII: Hitachi SuperH series, Embedded, small, economical (1992) . . . . . . .
Part XIII: Motorola MCore, RISC brother to ColdFire (Early 1998) .
Part XIV: TI MSP430 series, PDP-11 rediscovered (late 1998?) .

第五部分: 与生俱来的超标量
Part I: Intel 960, Intel quietly gets it right (1987 or 1988?) . . . .
Part II: Apollo PRISM - Superworkstation (1988) . .
Part III: Intel 860, "Cray on a Chip" (late 1988?) . . .
Part IV: IBM RS/6000 POWER chips (1990) . . . .
Part V: DEC Alpha, Designed for the future (1992) . . .

第六部分: 超越 RISC - 寻找新的范例
Part I: Philips Trimedia - A Media processor (1996) .
Part II: TMS320C6x: Variable length instruction groups (late 1997) . . . .
Part III: Intel/HP IA-64 - Height of speculation (late 1999) . . . .
Part IV: Sun MAJC - Levels of parallelism (late 1999) .
Part V: Transmeta Crusoe - Leaving hardware (January 2000) .
Part VI: Eleven Engineering XInC - Real-time multithreading (August 2002) . .

第七部分: 怪异的和革新性的芯片
Part I: Intel 432, Extraordinary complexity (1980) . .
Part II: Rekursiv, an object oriented processor .
Part III: MISC M17: Casting Forth in Silicon[1] (pre 1988?) . .
Part IV: AT&T CRISP/Hobbit, CISC amongst the RISC (1987) . . . .
Part V: T-9000, parallel computing (1994) . . . . . .
Part VI: Patriot Scientific ShBoom: from Forth to Java (April 1996) . .
Part VII: Sun picoJava - not another language-specific processor! (October 1997) . .
Part VIII: Imsys Cjip - embedded WISC (Writable Instruction Set Computer) (Mid 2000) .

附录

附录 A: RISC 和 CISC 的定义
IBM System 360/370/390: The Mainframe(1964) . . . .
VAX: The Penultimate CISC (1978) .
RISC 起源: CDC 6600 (1965) . .
RISC 形式主义的: IBM 801 . . .
RISC 优雅的: 伯克利的RISC, 标准的 MIPS . .
附录 B: 微机体系
Forth: Stack oriented period .
加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校 p-System: Portable Pascal . . . .
Java: 曾经是Oak . . . .
附录 C: CPU 的特性
附录 D: 图形矩阵的操作
附录 E: IEEE Computer 的公告
附录 F: 内存的类型

源内容列表由 Steve Simmons 提供
(scs@lokkur.dexter.mi.us)
由 Mena Ryan 拆分为多个文件.

未完待续,严禁纸质媒体转载,抄袭,网站转载请注明著者和译者和源URL.

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